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Edge details - 1. A response to a Rorschach inkblot based on the contour of the edge. 2. A scoring category for the Rorschach test based on responses determined by the contour of the inkblot.

Edging - a unique kind of Rorschach test behavior in which the subject "edges" the cards, that is looking at the card with the surface held in a straight line with the line of vision.

Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (A. L. Edwards) - a personality inventory introduced in 1953 which assesses 15 of the manifest needs defined by H. A. Murray. Attempt was made to reduce variance of scores from social desirability by pairing items deemed equal in social desirability and requiring the subject to make a forced choice preference between these items. The subject's response is believed to reflect his needs rather his conception of the more desirable characteristic. 

Erlebnistypus (H. Rorschach) – a key concept in Rorschach testing representing the ration of human movement to weighted color responses. Sometimes referred to as experience balance, or experience type; a precise translation from the German has been, at best, difficult in terms of capturing the full sense of Rorschach's meaning. The interpretive meaning goes beyond experience, to a description of "how" a person lives in terms of tendencies and experiences. Depending on the nature of the ration, a person might be described as extratensive, introversive, ambitent, coarcted, or dilated, any of which relates to styles of living and experiencing

event (H. A. Murray) – that part of a projective test which is related to a press or need

experience, actual – a summary score devised in the Beck approach to the Rorschach which is derived by adding the number of human movement responses to the weighted total of color responses. It is hypothesized to represent the total emotional resources, which, when related to intellect, yields an index of the psychological growth potential. It is also interpreted as the organized emotion operating in the life style of the individual

extended F+% - a ratio used in the Rapaport approach to the Rorschach which is expressed as the number of "good" pure form responses in proportion to the total number of pure form responses, as related to the number of "good' form-dominated responses in proportion to the total number of form-dominated responses. The ratio is generally interpreted in terms of ego functioning

extrapunitive (S. Rosenzweig) – 1. Frustration reaction in which the individual directs hostility, anger, or aggression against the person or thing which he perceives as the source of frustration. 2. Personality type characterized by extrapunitive frustration reactions

extratensive – a Rorschach postulate, referring to those instances where the sum of weighted color responses is substantially greater than the sum of human movement responses. When the ratio (Erlebnistypus) manifests such a characteristic, the person is considered to be one who derives his more basic gratifications from interactions with his environment

extratensiveness (Rorschach) – characterized by strong responsiveness to the environment and outward orientation which may be either passive or active. Passive extratensiveness is associated with conformity and dependance in interpersonal relations and acceptance of surrounding situations; active extratensiveness is associated with creativity in interpersonal relations and striving toward external goals

F (Rorschach) – form response

F- (Rorschach) – poor form response

F+ (Rorschach) – good form response

F+% - a traditional Rorschach calculation used in most approaches to the test, except that of Klopfer (See form level rating), and expressed as the proportion of "good" form responses in relation to the total number of form responses. Good and poor form have been variously defined in terms of normative frequency and/or examiners, opinion concerning the appropriateness of the area of the blot used for the response given. Low F+% is generally interpreted as "poor" reality testing

Fables test – a mental test which may be used as a projective or intelligence test in which the subject is required to explain the lesson taught by the fable

fabulized response (Rorschach) – included in the Rapaport approach to the Rorschach, as a type of deviant verbalization in which the subject's response includes elaborate nature so as to personalize the response. Occurring in significant quantity in a single record they are considered indicative of psychopathology

finger painting – making pictures or designs by applying paints directly to surface with the fingers and hands. In psychology, it is often used as a projective technique, or means of stimulating free association

forced color response – a concept in Klopfer's approach to the Rorschach to denote instances in which the response includes the use of color, but not the color of the perceived object in its natural state. Instead, the subject has "forced" the use of color as it exists on the blot, as for example, "pink mountain lions"

form-color response (FC response) (Rorschach) – response to a Rorschach inkblot test which is co-determined by form and color with form being the primary contributor. The form determinant appears to reflect the subject's reasoning powers and contact with the demands of reality. The color determinant appears to reflect affectivity and impulsiveness

form determinant – the use of contour, shape or form as the basis for a Rorschach response which is thought to reflect the formal reasoning power and contact with reality demands of the respondent

form level rating – a method developed by Klopfer to evaluate the appropriateness of form used in the Rorschach more extensively than afforded by other systems. Each response is weighed on a scale ranging from +5.0 to -2.0 depending on the accuracy, specification, and organization of the percept

form response – the most common type of Rorschach answer wherein the response is determined by the shape or form of the blot or the portion of the blot used. No other determinant such as color, movement, or shading is involved in the formulation of the percept. Form may also play a determining role in responses involving other features of the blot and when this occurs, scoring is modified accordingly, such as FC for a form-dominated color response, CF for a color dominated color response which also includes form

free association period – the main procedure in Rorschach testing in which the subject is handed the cards, one at a time, and asked to report what he is reminded of by the blot. The specific instructions to the subject are somewhat different than the free association procedure as employed in psychoanalysis, jet come overlap does exist. In Rorschach testing the subject is asked to report what he sees but is also free to elaborate as extensively or as minimally as he prefers

g score – a key scoring in the Hertz approach to the Rorschach which represents the manner in which a response is organized

Galton, Francis (1822-1911) – versatile British psychologist who, ten years after the publication of The Origin of Species, applied Darwinian evolutionary theory to individual differences in human mental capacity in his work, Hereditary Genius. Pioneer in mental testing, the eugenics movement, the use of the questionnaire method, and the development of the coefficient of correlation

H - Rorschach scoring symbol for the perception of human forms

Harrower inkblots (M. R. Harrower-Erickson and M. E. Steiner) - the Rorschach inkblot test adapted for assessing groups. The cards are projected on a screen in front of the subjects who write down what they see. They then locate their responses on diagrams of the blots and add any additional information about their responses which will help the examiner score them. Instructions are given before each step to ensure that all of the information is obtained.

Holt, Robert R. (1917-) - American psychologist. Developed methods of selecting psychiatric residents, and offered a resolution of the controversy over clinical vs. statistical prediction. Founded and directed (with G. S. Klein) a major center for experimental studies of psychoanalytic propositions (Research Center for Mental Health, NYU); developed a technique for objectively measuring adaptive and maladaptive regression (the primary process and its control) in Rorschach responses, dreams, and other verbal data, and applied it in studies of sensory deprivation, creativity, and LSD effects. Contributed to the clarification and critique of psychoanalytic and personality theories. Methodological and applied studies of personality assessment in clinical and social problems.

Holtzman Inkblot Technique (W.H. Holtzman) - a projective test developed in 1961 consisting of 45 inkblots + 2 practice blots. The inkblots vary in color, symmetry, form and shading. The subject is asked to give one response to what he sees after which the examiner conducts a brief inquiry. There are 2 alternate forms allowing for the determination of test-retest rehability and the study of change within an individual. Factor analysis has shown that 6 variables are tapped: perceptual maturity and integrated ideational activity, perceptual sensitivity, psychopathology of thought, perceptual differentiation, inhibition or inability to perceive; and bodily preoccupation. The last 3 factors are not stable and differ according to the population tested.

impunitive - 1. (S. Rosenzweig) frustration reaction in which the individual attempts to justify, rationalize or deny the frustration which has occurred rather than to blame either himself or others for it. 2. personality type characterized by impunitive frustration reactions.

inquiry - the second major procedure in Rorschach testing, following the completion of the free association period (except in the Rapaport system where the inquiry is conducted after the free association to each card). The basic format generally followed is for the examiner to present the cards to the subject a second time, asking non-directive questions so as to understand which portion of the blot was used in the response and which determining features of the blot stimulated the percept. See also direct inquiry, analogy period, testing-of-limits.

interactionist approach - the Hertz approach to Rorschach interpretation which seeks to integrate Rorschach configurations with socio-educational-situational-life style variables so as to create a broader and potentially objective configurational pattern.

intraception (H. A. Murray) - orientation or attitude characterized by humanism, feeling and imagination.

intropunitive - 1. (S. Rosenzweig) frustration reaction in which the frustrated individual blames himself for what happened and feels guilty, ashamed, or humiliated because of it. 2. personality type characterized by intropunitive reactions.

introversive - a Rorschach postulate, referring to those instances where the sum of human movement responses is substantially greater than the weighted sum of color responses. When the ratio (Erlebnistypus) manifests such a characteristic, the person is considered prone to desire his more basic gratifications from within himself rather than from interaction with his environment.

introversiveness (Rorschach) - characterized by inwardness and a tendency to interpret the world according to personal needs and values usually accompanied by a strong imagination and well-developed cerebral and autonomic processes.

inviolacy motive (H. A. Murray) - the need to defend oneself and prevent self-depreciation.

Klopfer system – an approach to the Rorschach test developed by Bruno Klopfer, essentially based on a phenomenological approach to understanding behavior and thinking. It has become the most widely used approach to the Rorschach in the US.

lambda ratio - a primary Rorschach index as formulated in the Beck approach to the test and represented by the proportion of pure form responses to all non-pure responses in the record. It is related to, but computed differently than, the F% used in other I approaches to the test. Either lambda or the F% are interpreted as representing affect-free functioning.

location chart (Rorschach) - reproductions of the inkblots on a single side of the record blank used by the examiner for the purpose of locating and record­ing the positions of the subject's responses.

location score - one of the major components in Rorschach scoring or coding which denotes the general area of the blot used in a response, such as the whole blot, a common detail area, or an unusual detail area.

m - (Rorschach) - inanimate movement.

M - 1. (Rorschach)  Movement response. 2. Associative memory factor symbol.

main score (H. Rorschach) - the number of responses to inkblots which the subject gives during the test precluding the additional responses which are added as afterthoughts.

movement response - A Rorschach response in which the subject perceives in the "static" blots some form of action, expression, posture, or life. Rorschach restricted this classification to those responses in which the movement was human or human—like and used the symbol M for the scoring. Rorschach's basic position is also followed in the Beck and Rapaport approaches to the test; however, other approaches such as Klopfer, Hertz, and Piotrowski have defined two other classes of movement responses. One in­volves animal movement which is scored FM and the second involves movement perceived in inanimate objects, scoring using the symbol m. Human move­ment responses are generally conceded to be related to the inner life of the subject, especially his orga­nized fantasy world while animal and inanimate movement responses are interpreted as being less sophisticated or controlled energies.

Murray H. A. (1893) - American psychologist who developed a system of needs believed to be characteristic of man and presented them in his book „Explorations in Personality". He was instrumental in beginning an assessment of men in the US Army during the Second World War. He is best known for his projective technique, the Thematic Apperception Test which is designed to elicit interpersonal conflicts related to the above needs.

Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator (I. B. Myers) – a test designed in 1962 on the assumption that individuals differ in their preferences in perception and judgment. It measures the 4 sets of traits postulated by C. G. Jung: extraversion – introversion, sensing – intuiting, thinking – feeling, and judgment – perception. Each item calls for a choice between 2 contrasting alternatives, which are both from the same category. The subject’s score is based on the number of times he chooses a category. His type is designated by the letters on his predominant mode in each of the categories.

Myokinetic psychodiagnosis (E. Mira) – a technique based on the symbolic interpretation of movements developed in 1940. The subject is blindfolded and asked to draw 10 lines with each hand, to the left, or right toward and away from the subject, with the drawing board in a vertical position, upward or downward; the lines are measured in terms of slope and direction of drift of center of gravity. Based on work with abnormal subjects, the movements are interpreted as distinct personality signs. Drifts away from the body are believed to indicate aggressive attitudes toward others. An inward drift is thought to refer to self-aggression or suicidal trends. An upward drift indicates elation; a downward drift, depression.

N - Symbol for need in the Thematic Apperception Test.

0 (Rorschach) - Abbreviation for original response.

object relations technique - A projective technique used with children, consisting of two sets of four pictures of one-person, two-person, three-person, and group relationships. Color is used to intensify the threat element and to encourage emotional involvement.

oligophrenic response - A peculiar type of Rorschach response in which discrete parts of figures, particularly human, are reported while the majority of subjects see the entire figure. These types of responses, generally rare, are most commonly associated with severe intellectual retardation or those severe disturbances in which intellectual ties to reality are extensively impaired.

optional-content drawings - A projective technique used with children in which the child is asked to draw whatever he wishes or to complete elaborate already provided stimulus patterns, sometimes being asked to relate a story concerning the drawing. Drawings and stories are both interpretable.

organizational activity - The composite perceptual-association process which appears in some but not all Rorschach responses. It is most clearly identified where two or more elements of a blot are organized into a relationship with a meaning described to the organized elements. Rorschach implied that all per­cepts using the entire blot manifest organizational activity. Beck and Hertz (see z score and g score) have developed a quantitative method for differentiating the organizational activity when it occurs to the whole blot or as it occurs by combining adjacent or distant details of the blots. The organizational activity is interpreted as directly related to intellectual functioning but also involving non-intellectual features.

original response - A special Rorschach scoring category, using the symbol O, to denote responses which occur no more than once in 100 records.

P (Rorschach) - Popular response scoring code.

Picture-Frustration Study (S. Rosenzweig) - A controlled projective technique introduced in 1945 which measures a person's reaction to frustration. It consists of twenty-four cartoon-like drawings, each depicting a situation in which one person is frustrated by another. The comments of the frustrator are written and the subject is asked to provide the response of the frustrated person which is interpreted in terms of direction of the response and type of response. An overall conformity rating can be determined. There is a form for adults, for children and for the study of attitude toward minority groups developed by J. F. P. Brown.

Piotrowski system - An approach to the Rorschach test developed by Zygmunt Piotrowski. It represented an empirically based approach which differs significantly from methods developed by H. Rorschach and other Rorschach systematizers.

popular response - A Rorschach scoring category, using the symbol P, to denote responses which occur very frequently. Authorities differ on the statistical criterion necessary for a response to be classified as popular. Rorschach suggested any response occurring once in three records while others have varied the criterion upward to as much as once in six records. Lists of popular responses vary from system to system with the largest number, 15, provided in the Beck approach.

press (H. A. Murray) The property of power an environmental object or person holds, having a facilitating or impeding effect on the individual's efforts to achieve a certain goal. Some press, significant in childhood are press-birth of sibling, press-family discord, and press-sex exposure.

press, alpha (H. A. Murray) The properties of environmental objects and people as they exist in reality.

press, beta (H. A. Murray) The properties of environmental objects and people as they are interpreted or perceived by the individual.

principle of interdependence - The basic format for the Rotrowski interpretation of Rorschach data predicated on the application of logical relationships between Rorschach components. It is similar, but not identical, to the configuration principle following more closely along lines such as would be found in the programming of a computer.

Proceeding (H. A. Murray) – the physiologist’s basic data or unit of observation consisting of interaction of sufficient duration to include the important elements of a particular behavioral sequence.

Projection - 1. The attribution of one’s faults to others. 4. The perception of one’s needs and goals in unstructured stimuli. 5. (psychoanalysis) A defense mechanism diametrically opposed to introjection. It is an externalization of wishes that leads to paranoid distortion of reality. The primitive, archaic ego draws a line between "something to be swallowed", which is pleasurable, and "something to be spit out", which is unpleasurable. What was "inside" was believed to be a part of the ego, and what was spit out becomes an alien body. When the weak ego harbors desires and feelings that invite the superego’s harsh disapproval, the ego may ascribe them to the outer world. Forbidden homosexual impulses are a case in point, for most homosexuals "project" their homosexual urges and believe that other people of the same sex desire them. Neurotic and psychotic individuals, who cannot admit their own hostility will frequently ascribe it to others in delusions of persecution.

Projection, impersonal – attributing one’s unobjectionable, impersonal or neutral actions or qualities to another.

Projective play – play in which the child using play materials such as dolls and a doll house, expresses unconscious ideas, attitudes, and feelings that the child would otherwise be unable to express and that are useful in coming to an understanding of the dynamics of the child.

Projective techniques – Methods used to discover an individual’s attitudes, motivations, defensive maneuvers and characteristic way of responding through analysis of their responses to unstructured, ambiguous stimuli.

Psychodiagnostics – the use of the individual’s behavior and results on psychological tests for the study of the individual’s personality.

pure C response - The Rorschach response determined only by color, with no form involvement whatsoever. Such responses, sometimes described as crude color responses, are generally interpreted as representing a substantial loss of control with emotion being in near complete command of behavior. It is typically found in records of very seriously disturbed subjects.

Q -  (Rorschach) - A general symbol sometimes used by the examiner to indicate qualification, restriction, or a self-doubting expression on the part of the subject.

R - (Rorschach) - A symbol which stands for the total number of responses given by a subject to the Rorschach test.

rare detail; dr - (Rorschach) A response on Rorschach utilizing a small and generally unused portion of the blot.

reflection response - (Rorschach) A response in which one-half of the inkblot is reported as a reflection of the other half.

response, content - (Rorschach) A scoring category for responses of what the subject sees such as a bat or an ice-cream sundae.

response, kinesthetic - (Rorschach) A response which projects movement, action, or life onto the inkblots.

Rorschach, Hermann (1884-1922) – swiss psychiatrist who in 1911 at the age of 27 began his experiments with inkblots to study reflex hallucinations. Studying as many as 40 inkblots, Rorschach ultimately settled on the 10 which comprise his now famous test. Rorschach’s monograph, "Psychodiagnostik", had been intended as a preliminary report; however, a few months following its publication in 1921, he developed peritonitis after an attack of appendicitis and died in April 1922, at the age of 37. His work, though incomplete, became a milestone from which much of modern clinical psychology developed.

Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank. A projective technique for college age individuals developed in 1950 by J. B. Rotter and J. E. Rafferty. It is designed to estimate the person’s degree and areas of maladjustment for diagnostic purposes.